Ibihe byashize nubu

Ikiro gipima angahe? Abahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi kuri iki kibazo gisa nkicyoroshye mumyaka magana.

Mu 1795, Ubufaransa bwatangaje itegeko ryateganyaga “garama” nk '“uburemere bwuzuye bw’amazi muri cube ifite ubunini bungana na ijana na metero imwe ku bushyuhe iyo urubura rushonga (ni ukuvuga 0 ° C).” Mu 1799, abahanga bavumbuye ko ubwinshi bw’amazi aribwo butajegajega cyane iyo ubwinshi bw’amazi aribwo buri hejuru ya 4 ° C, bityo igisobanuro cy’ikiro kikaba cyarahindutse “ubwinshi bwa decimetero 1 cube y’amazi meza kuri 4 ° C. ”. Ibi byabyaye platine yumwimerere kilo, ikiro gisobanurwa nkingana na misa yacyo, bita archives kilo.

Iyi archive kilo yakoreshejwe nkigipimo cyimyaka 90. Mu 1889, Inama mpuzamahanga ya mbere kuri Metrology yemeje kopi ya platine-iridium alloy kopi yegereye ikiro cyububiko nkibiro mpuzamahanga byumwimerere. Uburemere bwa "kilo" busobanurwa na platine-iridium alloy (90% platine, 10% iridium) silinderi, ifite uburebure bwa mm 39 z'uburebure na diameter, kuri ubu ikaba ibitswe mu nsi yo munsi yo mu nkengero za Paris.

Ikiro mpuzamahanga cy'umwimerere

Kuva mu gihe cyo Kumurikirwa, umuryango w’ubushakashatsi wiyemeje gushyiraho gahunda y’ubushakashatsi ku isi hose. Nubwo ari inzira ishoboka yo gukoresha ikintu gifatika nkigipimo cyo gupima, kubera ko ikintu cyumubiri cyangiritse byoroshye nibintu byakozwe n'abantu cyangwa ibidukikije, ituze rizagira ingaruka, kandi umuryango wibipimo wahoraga ushaka kureka ubu buryo vuba. bishoboka.

Nyuma yuko ikiro cyemeje ibisobanuro mpuzamahanga bya kilo yumwimerere, hari ikibazo abahanga mubya metrologiste bahangayikishijwe cyane: iki gisobanuro gihamye? Bizagenda buhoro buhoro?

Twakagombye kuvuga ko iki kibazo cyabajijwe mugitangira cyo gusobanura ikiro cya kilo. Kurugero, mugihe ikiro cyasobanuwe mumwaka wa 1889, Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gupima no gupima cyakoze ibiro 7 bya platine-iridium alloy kilo, kimwe muricyo mpuzamahanga International Ikiro cyambere cyakoreshejwe mugusobanura ikiro rusange, hamwe nibindi 6. bikozwe mubintu bimwe kandi inzira imwe ikoreshwa nkibipimo bya kabiri kugirango barebe niba hari drift mugihe hagati yundi.

Mugihe kimwe, hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rihanitse, dukeneye kandi ibipimo bihamye kandi byukuri. Kubwibyo, gahunda yo gusobanura urwego mpuzamahanga shingiro hamwe na static physique yarasabwe. Gukoresha ihinduka kugirango usobanure ibice bipima bivuze ko ibyo bisobanuro bizahuza ibikenewe byigihe kizaza cya siyansi.

Dukurikije amakuru yemewe y’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gupima no gupima, mu myaka 100 kuva 1889 kugeza 2014, ihame ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibindi kilo by’umwimerere hamwe n’ibiro mpuzamahanga by’umwimerere byahinduwe na microgramo zigera kuri 50. Ibi birerekana ko hari ikibazo kijyanye no guhagarara kwimiterere yumubiri yubuziranenge. Nubwo ihinduka rya microgrammes 50 risa nkaho ari rito, rifite ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda zimwe na zimwe zo mu rwego rwo hejuru.

Niba ibyingenzi bifatika bikoreshwa mugusimbuza ikiro cyibipimo bifatika, ituze ryikibanza ntikizagerwaho numwanya nigihe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 2005, Komite mpuzamahanga ishinzwe ibiro n’ibipimo yateguye urwego rwo gukoresha imiterere y’ibanze kugira ngo isobanure ibice bimwe by’ibanze bya sisitemu mpuzamahanga y’ibice. Birasabwa ko Planck ihora ikoreshwa mugusobanura ikiro rusange, kandi laboratoire zibishoboye kurwego rwigihugu zirashishikarizwa gukora imirimo yubushakashatsi bujyanye nayo.

Kubwibyo, mu nama mpuzamahanga ya 2018 yerekeye Metrology, abahanga batoye ko bahagarika ku mugaragaro ikiro mpuzamahanga cya prototype, kandi bahindura Planck ihoraho (ikimenyetso h) nkigipimo gishya cyo gusobanura “kg”.